Public Debt Sustainability in Indonesia after Financial Crisis and During COVID-19 Pandemic

The Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to shocks, such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. The economic crisis increased external public debt to stabilize the economy and improve people's welfare. High external debt puts the debt in an unsustainable condition. This study aims to measure the debt sustainability of external public debt in Indonesia from 2008-2020. We used the Threshold Value of The Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries (LIC-DSF) and the Solvency Rate of External Debt (SRED) as a better combination for measuring debt sustainability in Indonesia. The results showed external public debt was at a low-risk threshold after the global financial crisis. However, the impact of COVID-19 has caused the ratio of external public debt interest payment to tax revenue to be within a high-risk threshold value. The SRED value shows a minus number from 2012-2020 caused by the worsening current account balance and net capital account values. The analysis of debt sustainability may be able to encourage a prudent and sustainable the Indonesian budget management policy. © 2023 WITPress. All rights reserved.

Real-Time Patient Ailment Monitoring Framework Collaborating Enhanced CNN Architectures

As the deadly COVID-19 outbreak spreads across the globe, the utilization of IoT in the surveillance of patients can prevent us from facing catastrophic repercussions. This paper aims to develop a real-time health monitoring system where sensors are used to continuously observe the patient's body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen level. A comparison of two CNN architectures, VGG19 and DenseNet was also undertaken for audio signal processing, with VGG19 offering more promising accuracy in identifying coughing. Additionally, as severe coughing can be an alarm for lung diseases, the system identifies the number of consecutive coughing of a patient, as well as the timestamp for it. Moreover, if a patient feels infirm, they can seek assistance from a nearby doctor or nurse through Google's Speech-to-Text API. The data is then transmitted to a centralized database, where clinicians can monitor patients' symptoms in real-time by extracting the data via a web application. © 2021 IEEE.